# 10 Semantic Role Labeling

# Introduction to Tags

This chapter summarises the tags for semantic-role labelling. A more detailed presentation can be found in the guidelines in the Annotation Guidelines chapter.

<table id="bkmrk-tagsome-text-semanti"><thead><tr><th>**Tag**<span style="color:white">some text</span></th><th>**Semantic Role**</th><th>**Desription**</th><th>**Example**</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ACT<span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>actor<span style="color:white">so</span></td><td>acting participant, originator or bearer of the action, logical subject</td><td>*Zgodilo se je mesec dni po tem, ko sem izvedel, da me žena.ACT vara. Zdela se mi.ACT je veliko bolj vsakdanja.*</td></tr><tr><td>PAT<span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>patient<span style="color:white">someso</span></td><td>affected object of the action</td><td>*Kuhajo kosilo.PAT. Županja je včeraj sklicala sestanek.PAT.; Dogodek v Ankaranu je bila dramatična nesreča.PAT.*</td></tr><tr><td>REC <span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>addressee / benefactor<span style="color:white">somesomesomesomesomesome</span></td><td>receiver, indirect participant of the action; non-acting participant benefiting or suffering from the action; characteristics of the object's possessor; communicative function (ethical dative)</td><td>*Miha je Maji.REC ujel pobeglega kanarčka. To sliko je narisal otrokom/za otroke.REC. Glava mu.REC počasi pada na prsi. Teče mu.REC za vrat. Ura mi.REC dobro dela. To ti.REC je žurka. Otroci nam.REC nočejo priti domov.*</td></tr><tr><td>ORIG <span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>origin / inheritence<span style="color:white">someme</span></td><td>the initial state, origin/source/motive of the action; person (group) from whom someone inherits, adopts, receives something</td><td>*Pohištvo izdelujemo iz lesa.ORIG. Plašč je dobil po očetu.ORIG. Iz dobro obveščenih virov.ORIG smo izvedeli, da …*</td></tr><tr><td>RESLT<span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>effect</td><td>effect, result, goal of the action</td><td>*Imenovali so ga za predsednika.RESLT. Rok je dvoumen.RESLT.*</td></tr><tr><td>TIME<span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>temporal: when / temporal: parallel / temporal: from when / temporal: to when</td><td>specific moment or interval of the action; moment or interval originating from the action; moment or interval following the action</td><td>*Odrinemo ob zori.TIME.. Med počitnicami.TIME ni niti enkrat posijalo sonce. Sestanek je prestavil s četrtka.TIME na petek.TIME.*</td></tr><tr><td>DUR<span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>temporal: for how long / temporal: how long / temporal: since when / temporal: till</td><td>duration of the state; duration of the action; specific moment of start; specific moment of end</td><td>*Prišel je za en mesec.DUR. To mu je uspelo narediti v enem tednu.DUR. Od jutri.DUR dalje sem na dopustu. Do četrtka.DUR uredim še papirje.*</td></tr><tr><td>FREQ</td><td>temporal: how often</td><td>frequency of the action</td><td>*Vsak dan.FREQ se mučimo s tem.*</td></tr><tr><td>LOC</td><td>locative / directional: which way</td><td>specific location, place, site of the action; direction in space</td><td>Sprehajajo se po gozdu.LOC.</td></tr><tr><td>SOURCE</td><td>directional: from</td><td>starting point in space</td><td>*S stropa.SOURCE odpada omet.*</td></tr><tr><td>GOAL</td><td>directional: where to</td><td>ending point in space</td><td>*Prišel je domov.GOAL*</td></tr><tr><td>EVENT<span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>temporal-locative event</td><td>time-space specific event</td><td>*Sodelovati v skupnih akcijah.EVENT. Sploh ni padel v vojni.EVENT.*</td></tr><tr><td>AIM</td><td>aim / intent</td><td>purpose of the action; purpose of movement</td><td>*Telovadi, da bi shujšala.AIM.*. *Poslali so ga po malico.AIM.*</td></tr><tr><td>CAUSE</td><td>cause</td><td>cause of the action</td><td>*Umrl je zaradi srčne kapi.CAUSE.*</td></tr><tr><td>CONTR<span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>concession / contradiction</td><td>unexpected consequentiality of the action</td><td>*Študijskim uspehom.CONTR navkljub službe ni dobil. Medtem ko se plače nižajo.CONTR, cene rastejo.*</td></tr><tr><td>COND</td><td>condition</td><td>condition for the existence of the action</td><td>*Če neha deževati.COND, gremo na kavo.*</td></tr><tr><td>REG</td><td>regard / criterion / comparison</td><td>in regard to; key criterion (rule) for evaluating the action; comparison</td><td>*Glede na vreme.REG ni mogoče ugotoviti … Preiskava je potekala v skladu z zakonom.REG. Za razliko.REG od mene ima posluh.*</td></tr><tr><td>ACMP</td><td>accompaniment</td><td>object, person, or event that accompanies the action or other participants</td><td>*Mama je s sinom.ACMP odšla v cirkus.*</td></tr><tr><td>RESTR</td><td>restriction</td><td>exception, limitation</td><td>*Vsi so bili tam razen tebe.REST.*</td></tr><tr><td>MANN <span style="color:white">some text</span></td><td>manner / result</td><td>manner aspect of the action; result at the end of the action</td><td>*Dela prepočasi.MANN. Govori tako potiho.MANN, da ničesar ne razumem.*</td></tr><tr><td>MEANS</td><td>means</td><td>means or tool for executing the action</td><td>*Piše s peresom.MEANS.*</td></tr><tr><td>QUANT</td><td>difference / extent</td><td>qualitative difference between events, states, objects; measure, range, or intensity of the action or circumstance</td><td>*Cena goriva se je podražila za 3 cente.QUANT. Za znamko je plačal 50 evrov.QUANT.*</td></tr><tr><td>MWPRED<span style="color:white">some text some text some te</span></td><td>multi-word predicate</td><td>phrases with infinitives; phasal and non-modal verbs</td><td>*Dati vedeti.MWPRED., Klinov ni videti.MWPRED nikjer. Se lahko nauči nasilju reči.MWPRED »ne«.*</td></tr><tr><td>MODAL</td><td>modal phrase</td><td>phrases of modal verb and infinitive; phrases of 'biti' + modal adverb</td><td>*Za neposredni prenos jih niso želeli prikrajšati.MODAL. je treba.MODAL poudariti*</td></tr><tr><td>PHRAS</td><td>dependant part of phraseological unit</td><td>dependent part of a verbal phraseological unit</td><td>*Iti na živce.PHRAS. Mi je beseda ostala v grlu.PHRAS.*</td></tr></tbody></table>

  

# Annotation Guidelines

This chapter summarizes the annotation guidelines for semantic-role labelling as applied to Slovene texts. The guidelines are arranged from the latest, up-to-date version to the oldest version.

**Version 1.0 (02-2023)  
Project [Development of Slovene in a Digital Environment](https://rsdo.slovenscina.eu/en)**  
GANTAR, Polona, KREK, Simon, DOBROVOLJC, Kaja, ŠKRJANEC, Iza, MOŽE, Sara in MARKO, Dafne, 2022: *Smernice za semantično označevanje učnega korpusa v1.0*. Rezultat projekta Razvoj slovenščine v digitalnem okolju. [\[DOCX\]](https://wiki.cjvt.si/attachments/34) [\[PDF\]](https://wiki.cjvt.si/attachments/35) - only in Slovene

# References and Links

This chapter compiles relevant references and provides links to projects where semantic-role labelling has been developed and applied to Slovene texts.

**Projects, in which the system has been developed:** [Communication in Slovene](http://eng.slovenscina.eu/)  
Semantic Role Labeling in Slovene and Croatian  
[XLike - Cross-lingual Knowledge Extraction](https://xlike.ijs.si/)  
[Development of Slovene in a Digital Environment](https://slovenscina.eu/en)

**References:**  
GANTAR, Polona; STRKALJ DESPOT, Kristina; KREK, Simon in LJUBEŠIĆ, Nikola. 2018. Towards semantic role labeling in Slovene and Croatian. V: FIŠER, Darja (ur.), PANČUR, Andrej (ur.). Zbornik konference Jezikovne tehnologije in digitalna humanistika, 20. september - 21. september 2018, Ljubljana, Slovenija. 1. izdaja. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2018. Str. 93-98, ilustr. ISBN 978-961-06-0111-1. [http://nl.ijs.si/jtdh18/JTDH-2018-Proceedings.pdf](http://nl.ijs.si/jtdh18/JTDH-2018-Proceedings.pdf).

KREK, Simon, GANTAR, Polona, DOBROVOLJC, Kaja, ŠKRJANEC, Iza. Označevanje udeleženskih vlog v učnem korpusu za slovenščino. V: ERJAVEC, Tomaž (ur.), FIŠER, Darja (ur.). Zbornik konference Jezikovne tehnologije in digitalna humanistika, 29. september - 1. oktober 2016, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, Slovenija. 1. izd. V Ljubljani: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2016. Str. 106-110. [http://www.sdjt.si/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/JTDH-2016\_Krek-et-al\_Oznacevanje-udelezenskih-vlog-v-ucnem-korpusu-za-slovenscino.pdf](http://www.sdjt.si/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/JTDH-2016_Krek-et-al_Oznacevanje-udelezenskih-vlog-v-ucnem-korpusu-za-slovenscino.pdf).

MIKULOVÁ, Marie et al. 2006. Annotation on the tectogrammatical level in the Prague Dependency Treebank. Aannotation manual. Technical Report 30. 5–11.

VALLEX = The Valency Lexicon of Czech Verbs. [https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/vallex](https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/vallex)

PDT 2.0 = [https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt2.0/doc/manuals/en/t-layer/html/index.html](https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt2.0/doc/manuals/en/t-layer/html/index.html)