# 10 Semantic Role Labeling

Semantic role labeling (SRL), also known as semantic annotation, is the process of attributing semantic roles, such as agent, patient, or location, to the semantic arguments defined by a predicate or verb within a sentence. For Slovene, the system of semantic-role annotation, along with its semantic categories (or tags), draws upon the Prague Dependency Treebank system (PDT 2.0). This system, as applied in the Valency Lexicon of Czech Verbs (Vallex), has been tailored to the syntactic and semantic characteristics of Slovene.

# Introduction to Tags

This chapter summarises the tags for semantic-role labelling. A more detailed presentation can be found in the guidelines in the Annotation Guidelines chapter.<br />



| **Tag**<span style="color:white">some text</span> | **Semantic Role**       | **Desription**                                                                                                                                                                       | **Example**                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| ---------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| ACT<span style="color:white">some text</span>        | actor<span style="color:white">so</span>       | acting participant, originator or bearer of the action, logical subject                                                                                                          | _Zgodilo se je mesec dni po tem, ko sem izvedel, da me žena.ACT vara. Zdela se mi.ACT je veliko bolj vsakdanja._                                                                                                            |
| PAT<span style="color:white">some text</span>        | patient<span style="color:white">someso</span>            | affected object of the action                                                                                                                                                      | _Kuhajo kosilo.PAT. Županja je včeraj sklicala sestanek.PAT.; Dogodek v Ankaranu je bila dramatična nesreča.PAT._                                                                                                           |
| REC <span style="color:white">some text</span>       | addressee / benefactor<span style="color:white">somesomesomesomesomesome</span> | receiver, indirect participant of the action; non-acting participant benefiting or suffering from the action; characteristics of the object's possessor; communicative function (ethical dative) | _Miha je Maji.REC ujel pobeglega kanarčka. To sliko je narisal otrokom/za otroke.REC. Glava mu.REC počasi pada na prsi. Teče mu.REC za vrat. Ura mi.REC dobro dela. To ti.REC je žurka. Otroci nam.REC nočejo priti domov._ |
| ORIG <span style="color:white">some text</span>      | origin / inheritence<span style="color:white">someme</span>  | the initial state, origin/source/motive of the action; person (group) from whom someone inherits, adopts, receives something                                                                             | _Pohištvo izdelujemo iz lesa.ORIG. Plašč je dobil po očetu.ORIG. Iz dobro obveščenih virov.ORIG smo izvedeli, da …_                                                                                                         |
| RESLT<span style="color:white">some text</span>     | effect                | effect, result, goal of the action                                                                                                                                                 | _Imenovali so ga za predsednika.RESLT. Rok je dvoumen.RESLT._                                                                                                                                                           |
| TIME<span style="color:white">some text</span>       | temporal: when / temporal: parallel / temporal: from when / temporal: to when | specific moment or interval of the action; moment or interval originating from the action; moment or interval following the action | _Odrinemo ob zori.TIME.. Med počitnicami.TIME ni niti enkrat posijalo sonce. Sestanek je prestavil s četrtka.TIME na petek.TIME._            |
| DUR<span style="color:white">some text</span>        | temporal: for how long / temporal: how long / temporal: since when / temporal: till            | duration of the state; duration of the action; specific moment of start; specific moment of end                     | _Prišel je za en mesec.DUR. To mu je uspelo narediti v enem tednu.DUR. Od jutri.DUR dalje sem na dopustu. Do četrtka.DUR uredim še papirje._ |
| FREQ       | temporal: how often                           | frequency of the action                                                                                                             | _Vsak dan.FREQ se mučimo s tem._                                                                                                             |
| LOC        | locative / directional: which way      | specific location, place, site of the action; direction in space | Sprehajajo se po gozdu.LOC.    |
| SOURCE     | directional: from | starting point in space                                 | _S stropa.SOURCE odpada omet._ |
| GOAL       | directional: where to  | ending point in space                                  | _Prišel je domov.GOAL_         |
| EVENT<span style="color:white">some text</span>       | temporal-locative event  | time-space specific event                              | _Sodelovati v skupnih akcijah.EVENT.  Sploh ni padel v vojni.EVENT._         |
| AIM        | aim / intent             | purpose of the action; purpose of movement                               | _Telovadi, da bi shujšala.AIM._. _Poslali so ga po malico.AIM._                                                             |
| CAUSE      | cause                      | cause of the action                                                          | _Umrl je zaradi srčne kapi.CAUSE._                                                                                          |
| CONTR<span style="color:white">some text</span>      | concession / contradiction    | unexpected consequentiality of the action                                     | _Študijskim uspehom.CONTR navkljub službe ni dobil. Medtem ko se plače nižajo.CONTR, cene rastejo._                         |
| COND       | condition                  | condition for the existence of the action                                    | _Če neha deževati.COND, gremo na kavo._                                                                                     |
| REG        | regard / criterion / comparison | in regard to; key criterion (rule) for evaluating the action; comparison | _Glede na vreme.REG ni mogoče ugotoviti … Preiskava je potekala v skladu z zakonom.REG. Za razliko.REG od mene ima posluh._ |
| ACMP       | accompaniment                  | object, person, or event that accompanies the action or other participants   | _Mama je s sinom.ACMP odšla v cirkus._                                                                                      |
| RESTR      | restriction                     | exception, limitation                                                                                      | _Vsi so bili tam razen tebe.REST._                                                  |
| MANN <span style="color:white">some text</span>      | manner / result             | manner aspect of the action; result at the end of the action                                                 | _Dela prepočasi.MANN. Govori tako potiho.MANN, da ničesar ne razumem._              |
| MEANS      | means                     | means or tool for executing the action                                                                | _Piše s peresom.MEANS._                                                             |
| QUANT      | difference / extent | qualitative difference between events, states, objects; measure, range, or intensity of the action or circumstance | _Cena goriva se je podražila za 3 cente.QUANT. Za znamko je plačal 50 evrov.QUANT._ |
| MWPRED<span style="color:white">some text some text some te</span>     | multi-word predicate | phrases with infinitives; phasal and non-modal verbs                      | _Dati vedeti.MWPRED., Klinov ni videti.MWPRED nikjer. Se lahko nauči nasilju reči.MWPRED »ne«._ |
| MODAL      | modal phrase       | phrases of modal verb and infinitive; phrases of 'biti' + modal adverb | _Za neposredni prenos jih niso želeli prikrajšati.MODAL. je treba.MODAL poudariti_              |
| PHRAS      | dependant part of phraseological unit   | dependent part of a verbal phraseological unit                              | _Iti na živce.PHRAS. Mi je beseda ostala v grlu.PHRAS._

<br />

# Annotation Guidelines

This chapter summarizes the annotation guidelines for semantic-role labelling as applied to Slovene texts. The guidelines are arranged from the latest, up-to-date version to the oldest version.<br />

**Version 1.0 (02-2023)<br />
Project [Development of Slovene in a Digital Environment](https://rsdo.slovenscina.eu/en)**<br />
GANTAR, Polona, KREK, Simon, DOBROVOLJC, Kaja, ŠKRJANEC, Iza, MOŽE, Sara in MARKO, Dafne, 2022: *Smernice za semantično označevanje učnega korpusa v1.0*. Rezultat projekta Razvoj slovenščine v digitalnem okolju. [[DOCX]](https://wiki.cjvt.si/attachments/34) [[PDF]](https://wiki.cjvt.si/attachments/35) - only in Slovene

# References and Links

This chapter compiles relevant references and provides links to projects where semantic-role labelling has been developed and applied to Slovene texts.<br />

**Projects, in which the system has been developed:<br />**
[Communication in Slovene](http://eng.slovenscina.eu/)<br />
Semantic Role Labeling in Slovene and Croatian<br />
[XLike - Cross-lingual Knowledge Extraction](https://xlike.ijs.si/)<br />
[Development of Slovene in a Digital Environment](https://slovenscina.eu/en)<br />


**References:**<br />
GANTAR, Polona; STRKALJ DESPOT, Kristina; KREK, Simon in LJUBEŠIĆ, Nikola. 2018. Towards semantic role labeling in Slovene and Croatian. V: FIŠER, Darja (ur.), PANČUR, Andrej (ur.). Zbornik konference Jezikovne tehnologije in digitalna humanistika, 20. september - 21. september 2018, Ljubljana, Slovenija. 1. izdaja. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2018. Str. 93-98, ilustr. ISBN 978-961-06-0111-1.  [http://nl.ijs.si/jtdh18/JTDH-2018-Proceedings.pdf](http://nl.ijs.si/jtdh18/JTDH-2018-Proceedings.pdf).<br />

KREK, Simon, GANTAR, Polona, DOBROVOLJC, Kaja, ŠKRJANEC, Iza. Označevanje udeleženskih vlog v učnem korpusu za slovenščino. V: ERJAVEC, Tomaž (ur.), FIŠER, Darja (ur.). Zbornik konference Jezikovne tehnologije in digitalna humanistika, 29. september - 1. oktober 2016, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, Slovenija. 1. izd. V Ljubljani: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2016. Str. 106-110. [http://www.sdjt.si/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/JTDH-2016_Krek-et-al_Oznacevanje-udelezenskih-vlog-v-ucnem-korpusu-za-slovenscino.pdf](http://www.sdjt.si/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/JTDH-2016_Krek-et-al_Oznacevanje-udelezenskih-vlog-v-ucnem-korpusu-za-slovenscino.pdf).<br />

MIKULOVÁ, Marie et al. 2006. Annotation on the tectogrammatical level in the Prague Dependency Treebank. Aannotation manual. Technical Report 30. 5–11.<br />

VALLEX =  The Valency Lexicon of Czech Verbs. [https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/vallex](https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/vallex)<br />

PDT 2.0 = [https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt2.0/doc/manuals/en/t-layer/html/index.html](https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt2.0/doc/manuals/en/t-layer/html/index.html)